Tensions between the city-state of Milan and its opponents have been a recurring theme throughout history, with various factors contributing to these conflicts. This scholarly review aims to explore these tensions and alliances in depth, examining how they have affected the city's development and international relations.

One key aspect of Milan's relationship with its opponents is its rivalry with Venice. Historically, Milan has often been seen as a rival to Venice, both due to their shared maritime interests and their differing political structures. In the 15th century, for example, Milan sought to establish itself as a major naval power, while Venice was focused on maintaining control over the Adriatic Sea. This rivalry eventually led to conflict, with Milan attacking Venice several times in the early 16th century.

Another important tension in Milan's relationships with its opponents is its relationship with France. Milan has long been associated with the French monarchy, having served as the capital of the French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte. However, this relationship has also been marked by conflict, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars. The city-state was一度被法国占领过, and it faced significant challenges from the French government during this time.

In addition to these historical encounters, there are also contemporary tensions between Milan and its opponents. For example, Milan has struggled to maintain its status as a major economic power, with concerns about its ability to compete with other global powers such as China and India. These issues have contributed to a sense of frustration among Milanese citizens, who feel that their country is not being taken seriously by the international community.

Despite these tensions, however, Milan has managed to maintain a strong sense of identity and independence. Its unique culture, language, and traditions have helped to distinguish it from other European cities, and it continues to be a center of cultural and intellectual activity. While there may be ongoing challenges to overcome, Milan remains a resilient and dynamic city-state, capable of navigating the complexities of international politics and diplomacy.